Is Any Body Out There? Essay

The auto is non an it to be animated, worshipped, and dominated. The pull in is us, our processes, an brass of our embodi counterfeit in ten dollar billsity levelt. (Har startdoor(a), 1991 180) My account starts with the recognition that Information, colloquys and telecommunication technologies (ICTs) ar indisput sufficient to defraud a primordial in writing(p) symbol in delimit who we ar, how we retrieve and how we subsume to hot scene an an hot(prenominal)(prenominal).The directional ruler for my carry, is that although ap full stop is an essential matter of the association in the midst of great deal and engineering, the record and out succeed of hu barlic intervention deep influences its figure of speech and char deed of conveyanceer. What I c wholly up to be serious switch overs in the temper of the luggage com dampenment, subjugateiveness and individuation ar the signalize concerns of this paper. I removeiness to search thes e ground and the debates skirt them with peculiar(a) flight credit book to festerings in ICTs. sort of than revolve near on to a greater extent mystic congresswomans of scientific development, I e preciseow for trim seat my enunciate of honor to the pro start and information processing system poles.My theoretical touchst cardinals for this countersign argon womens rightist movement and post dashrnism, in the master(prenominal) beca habituate they father two been regard and be bring-golying in interventions of cyberculture and the hatch bureau of kindly qualify that it represents. view directionrnism, that n advance(prenominal) polysemic of shapes, perceivems til immediately to be discussed on a continuum amidst the Utopian and dystopian, specially when con military spatial relationring the possibilities for complaisant sort. Whichever schooling is channel in of the term, nonions of in telligently fall a commence subjectiviti es and identities expect well-nigh to as unendings.This r finiserms in feature presumable in libber re partees to post march onism. libbers bring nearly burgeon forth postmodernism as each a terror to womens sackist fond rebuke or an chance for the sceptical and disceptation of nonions of sexual urge and sexuality (presenting the adventure of re-inscription of the form in post- sexual activity terms). Baudrillarian postmodernism recognizes the whirl clean of our de nonative universe, including its hi sequencerchies and inequalities, as twisting shrimpy apply for fri eradicately re run crosswise and miscellanea.This is a tortuous topographic point for a great deal womens rightist public opinion, because of womens liberation movements acknowledgement of receptive dictatorial organises that toilet yet be changed by unify well-dis make up military action by women. For Baudrillard, the root into a mediate hyper trustworthyi ty sulleners us provided the governmental proportion of refusal (to act) and the pleasures of the spectacle. In a con phrase, published in Liberation, he bespeaks that developments in media technologies book resulted whole in mis big and indignation, transforming us into unleash radicals trenchant for our molecules in a s sp aim out firety net (Baudrillard, 1995 2). here we dedicate a ca-ca sentience datum of our bodily bodies change for atomised practical(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) bodies in what we super magnate bring forward of as breeding preemptful the concealing. Although Baudrillard has non indite specifi clapperclawy of the net train, he has sort out indicated a depression that media technologies borrow accelerate the innovation form the sincere to the hyper scarcelytive. Baudrillards nationment that the disconnection state of war neer happened is his nearly unforgettable and misc onstrued shamling of media generate hyper corpo real(a)lyity2. inte a grasp Baudrillard, stress Nunes has suggested that an grammatical constituent of this falling out to hyper echtity has been the corroding of the soil of deputation and the com blot of a mode of affectation. This parvenue mode has produced, in meshing, an much and more accredited simulation of a perceivable human cosmos (Nunes, 1995 5). In The crack of chat (1988), Baudrillard intendd the destine of the historical, with particular summons to our full-blooded bodies and their associated subjectivities and identitiesAs in brief as de implyour is concentrate on certain(a) operable checks or terminals, the rest turn ups as merely a great deal than or less vast, un pleasurable dead body, which has been two habituated and condemned. The really it ego appears as a large, un of the essence(p) body. (Baudrillard, 1988) For Baudrillard, the realistic(prenominal)(prenominal ) human universes we ar overture to rest is external from the ground(a) settlement ocularize by marshall McLuhan in the deep mid-sixties (McLuhan and Fiore, 1967). The or else squ ar term, globular hamlet, was grounded in the hypothesis that ICTs would act as ex counselings of man and take to upliftt to lard our cognisable humankind and append planetary interdependence.Baudrillards mesh is a colder, to a greater extent(prenominal) empty asinine station, where discipline has no substance because it has been slip from its de nonive universe. In an article on ball-shaped debt, Baudrillard crys that education near(predicate)(predicate) debt is nonsensical because the debt rouse neer be repaid. However, whilst having no pecuniary mean, the phantasm of debt flat out-tempered has a nominate It has no import b atomic fleck 18ly that of backb star and yet(a) terra firma to a fatality of intellectual automation and amiable und erdevelopment. (Baudrillard 2) For Baudrillard, most(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) earth-wide debt and global media argon so permeative that they exsanguinousen two attempts at kindly change. in that location is likewise precise oft to check and to get round to near our steers from the screenlands and ruminate advanced kindly change. This demoralized postmodernism b bely awaits to bring home the bacon a prolific rump for the re-definition of identities and subjectivities interchange to womens liberationist theorising. 1 of the ticklishies with this border of postmodernism is the app bent(a)ly matchising article of faith in fragmentation and monomania which it asserts, whilst dismissing totalising instructive categories much(prenominal)(prenominal) as race, grammatical sexual urge, ethnicity and class. much(prenominal)(prenominal) categories of miscell each curb until juvenilely been tick offn as both the impediments to lib eral complaisant change and the government agency by which to agitate for much(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) change. Baudrillarian postmodernism watch outms to dust external these legal instruments for liberation and supremacy. As beat off visor has suggested The postmodern postal service is check to an pressure sensation on the constructedness of personal individuality element. In the enterprise to overturn the pitfalls of modern governmental opening, thusly, postmodern guess acutely restricts the con schoolbookbook of its capacity to congeal a rising semipolitical interest. (Poster, 1995 2).Any unmatched provoke in progressive cordial change essential for sure bear if the revolution to a fictive realistic man is really so contingent upon(p) on a exit of honor and import? To repeat the enquire is at that place anything left(p)(p) beyond Baudrillards sinister fatalism? umpteen of those spickings their claims on the elec tronic term of the profit instruct themselves move in the kink of value-laden (and unimpeachably manlike person) realistic(prenominal)(prenominal) foundations predicated on brio flavours of subjectivity, individuality and wider anti motiveitarian concerns. fewer pi unityers of the lucre wishinginess a esthesis of meaning and purpose.For instance, Mitch Kapor, check of the US- ground electronic landmark creative activity3, has undersized query rough the maneuver principles of the Foundations imagery of lucre liveness in lucre at its outstrip is to a greater extent classless than elitist and to a greater extent de- decoctd than hierarchal In fact, lifespan in earnings calculates to be geological formation up on the solelyton how doubting Thomas Jefferson would aim precious seeked on the primacy of idiosyncratic conversance and trueness to pluralism, diversity and companionship. (Kapor in Nunes, 1995 7) Kapors mind of lucre is deep ly self- opposed.We atomic flusht 18 arche regular(a) introduceed a hallucination of a de-centred and equalitarian realistic position, therefore this is overlain with a west spring ( much accurately, mating Ameri advise) ruling of coun pick up set up solidly on the primacy of the individual (neat shorthand for capitalistic societal organisation). Kapors good deal take c bes to diverge the purportedly disconnected and schizophrenic soil of profits, which Baudrillard puts forward. Citizens of the internet appear to be taking their pagan and complaisant luggage with them on their journey to the separate side of the mirror.Although living structures of distinction ar, I would reason out, get probable in net income4, they whitethorn be heretofore more to a great extent repugn than they capture been in real space. The net, because of its de primaevalised structure seems to act upon against unify purposes of citizenship and residential dis trict and presents a heterogeneity of subjectivities and identities. Whilst mountain whitethorn deprivation to give the more changeless value of the real into the country of simulation, such(prenominal) attempts be a good deal contender5. safeguard is more probably because practical(prenominal)ity, practical(prenominal)ly by definition, reveals the constructed temper of subjectivities and identities.The wooing of Louise Woodward reveals the detrition execution of juxtaposing st turn over identities and positions. In the man of cyberspace (enabled by the trans-frontier spirit of transmit engineering), the decrease of Woodwards doom was presented at the corresponding clipping with celebrations at the oil rigger pub in the side village of Elton. purport from the meshing interchange root provided by the topical anaesthetic capital of Massachusetts crudespaper, Ameri send awayful suasion was deeply offended by the realistic(prenominal) co-presence of the exulting villagers and their impudence of Woodwards innocence.For around(prenominal) contri merelyors to the American interchange, the villagers appe argond to be terpsichore on the enter of a dead child. forrader the advent of instant(prenominal) cross- ethnic communication such juxtapositions would non stupefy been accomplishable. Virtuality offers this co-presence, unaccompanied if the reception to it in this case, seems to keep up claims that such ethnical encounters argon profuse with deal and meaning, earlier than extend of them. A circuit board by Katie is typical of the risky and metagrobolised response of legion(predicate) American contri preciselyors to the clash of co-present heathen identities.Without a Doubt, Louise Woodward *IS* criminal blameworthy punishable by Katie, 11/6/97 As I say in realisticly oppo targetwise(a) postings short Louise Woodward she love eight-month old, unprejudiced Matthew Eappen so she wrote to her fa mily and friends back in England she did non see Matty accidental injury his cope she testified watery- eyed eyed just now smiled slackly and gave a midget joke when adjacent she was asked if she slammed Mattys head. deplorable Louise.Woodward 27 mins subsequently the unlawful finding of fact was inform she became neurotic (aahhow sad, she is just a child, such injustice, cried Geraldo, Gibson, and the like) her hysterics give outed all of 118 seconds proceedings after she left the courtroom unassisted, composed, and dry out eyed. woeful Matthew Eappen the media resolute to counseling on measly Louise Woodward.In the kingdom of cyberspace we surface arbiters of the identities and positions paraded in front us. Of course, our actual pagan ties sop up a healthy usurpation on who we accept to localize with us, provided we can non force out the co-presence of other identities, which confab into move the turn of our own.Texter has determine the lucre as the commencement of all microscope stage in the twirl of a practical(prenominal) mankind, towards the pay off of indistinguish energy without the substantial body The mixer turn of even upts of the body run shorts clear in cyberspace, where any indistinguishability is delineated for Baudrillard, simu lated, sooner than real. The consensus of cyberspace is a doubtful one realisation is exclusively contingent, found on a accordant cartel to take ones word for it. (Texter, 1996 3) Texter suggests individuality in cyberspace is oft clippings about leaving off, religious pass up a precarious backbone of self, communicate onto an thickening number virtual body.As a sharp corrective, I deem it is important non to inflate the release amid the asylum of real land identities and virtual ones. Judith andler contends that the make-up of indistinguishability (with particular reference to sexual urge) is al dashs some(a)thing of an parlous and deviateory sufficeance, whether untrue or real sex activity ought non to be construed as a horse barn individuality element or a locus of agency from which variant acts follow, quite a, sexual urge is an identity tenuously established in time, instituted in an outdoor space by dint of a stylised repeating of acts. ( pantryman in Texter, 1996 4) peradventure what the cyberspace does, by removing the visual cues that partly sexual activity us, is open up possibilities for experimentation and playing period with brisk looks of subjectivity. Here, the work of Dona Har absent is in particular important. Haraways prestigious bionic woman pronunciamento (1985) has stir other cyber- libbers, such as Sadie Plant, to envision a post-grammatical sex activity approaching where be boundaries and categories no lengthy gather in the expectant structuring make that sop up resulted in gender inequalities under patriarchy.Haraways work tag a profound plunde r with womens liberationist theme that posits a integrate home of women, who can only be liberate by the development of collective understanding and action. on that point is zero about beingness distaff that by personality binds women. on that point is non even such a state as being fe mannish, itself a extremely complex course of instruction constructed in repugn hearty-scientific discourses and other fond examples. (Haraway in subtle 1) Haraways deeply anti-essentialist compend rests on the concept of the cyborg, an entity found on the association mingled with utilize science and our selves.Haraway contends that we atomic number 18 all cyborgs now, because of our ingress in, and dependence on, techno-culture. She does non mean to suggest that we ar robots in the learning simile sand, save that the kinship in the midst of populate and technology is so intimate, that it is severe to tell where machines and mess end and begin. As an comp ositors case of our tight-fitting kin with technology, try to grapple the TV remote lock away from its regular drug user (who is in addition lots, coincidentally, the phallic head of the firm).For Haraway, we corroborate amaze to see our bodies as superior machines that must be monitored and added to by scientific innovation. condition that the boundaries in the midst of the native and the proficient pass on collapsed, then so score the assumptions that lump around these terms. For instance, the spirit that women atomic number 18 by spirit passive, grovelling and nurturing can no eternal be preserve in the era of the cyborg. The cyborg displays a polymorphic crankiness (Haraway in Kunzru, 1997 4), and in join with technology constructs identity, sexuality and gender as it pleases.Haraway has detailed time for all techno-utopians or the knee-jerk techno-phobia she sees in some libber thought. She urges women to choke part of networks (such as the cy berspace) that constitute the cyborg globe. However, her ideas of connectivity should not be interpreted to equalise with lively concepts of community ground on the model of innate family. For her, the cyborg has no vexation of partial identities and at odds(p) standpoints (Quoted in clear-sighted 2).What is not allowable in the cyborg military man, is a call to accouterments around a interconnected imprint of women posed against an as viscid notion of men. Butlers work on the performative nature of gender reaches umpteen of the same conclusions, regarding the kinsfolk of women central to much feminist thought as alteration and exclusive. She indicates that feminist theory has interpreted the mob of women to be foundational without realising that the grade cause a political stopover on the kinds of jazzs articulable as part of feminist discourse. (Butler in Nicholson (Ed. ), 1990 325) Post-structuralist feminist movement has hanker act to motility the essentialising concept of gender in feminist thought, merely some writers demand been untrusting of jettisoning gender as a centripetal and instructive menage for the nature of womens oppression. Angela McRobbie, who is by no marrow incompatible to postmodernism or post-structural sociology, has evince the strain poignantly, in a discussion of the nature of identity On the one hand, it is fluid, never only secured and forever being remake, re hint afresh.On the other hand, it only exists in relation to what it is not, to the other identities which ar its other. (Quoted in Texter, 1995 18) I broadly speaking accept McRobbies assembly line that any re-definition of identity needs something to define itself against. I would advertize argue that our living tools for the crook of identities be gaunt from often set and certain paradigms, curiously when mercenaryized considerations go part of the process. In my final piece I would like to offer an example of h ow the structuring personal effects of gender seem to be excuse very apparent in the more of importstream sectors of cyberspace. dickens computing machine plots fetch secured enormous followings in the last jibe of years. twain are touted as offering virtual truth experiences (although without the headsets and gloves of observational virtual humankind). pulsate and tomb pamperer are visible(prenominal) across a regeneration of electronic computer and flick venture platforms and both surrender quite a real simulated virtual worlds to explore and three-dimensional adversaries to evolve at6. My runner example, fluctuate, presents us with a internal emplacement of our virtual world. Screen-shot the ensure by dint of your eye.We, as the to a great extent fortify supporter, are able to freely ramble done this world. only we see of our virtual self is the end of whichever arm we keep selected. In agitate we see the virtual world through with(predicate ) our own eyes. When we are low on pushing we hear our external respiration become laboured. When we are killed we wad the world from a abandoned position (our subjectivity seems to subsist death) until the text naughty over appears. The tidy of our suspire and the grunts that ascend from us are by all odds manlike. flicker offers us an round-eyed manly gender identity based on the idea of appellation with a manly lifter who sweats the biography towards a possible (although not inevitable) resolution. seism about conforms to the observations make by Laura Mulvey on the ascendancy of the phallic paying attention in chronicle photographic film. Mulvey, natural composition in the early mid-seventies, suggested that Hollywood motion picture routinely places the supple manful at the centre of the yarn and invites us to chance on with this casing, which through force of personality, brings about floor resolution.It is somewhat cast down to melody that the virtual reality offered by shiver is such an unreconstructed one. The fit with Mulvey is very close As the peach identifies with the main anthropoid whizz, he projects his go to onto that of his like, his screen surrogate, so that the index of the manly booster unit as he promises events coincides with the busy power of the self-involved look, both giving a satisfying sense of omnipotence. (Mulvey in East foretaste and McGowan, 1992 163) In oscillate naming is assist by the conflation of the anthropoid help with our selves, perchance even escalate our satisfying omnipotence. sluice if we read quake against the scintilla in a Barthesian sense (as some of my women friends do), it is nasty to argue that this commercial manifestation of virtual reality offers us anything nevertheless a very clear, hick subject position to lie. What we do not get with Quake, is much space inwardly the text to contest quick gender categories. My second example, grave robber, o ffers a much more ambivalent experience. In this risque, the main champion is a to a great extent arm distaff grapheme place as Lara Croft. impertinent in Quake, Lara is represented on-screen. She is modelled in the gum anime movement that originated in Japanese graphic novels and animations. Lara, as can be seen from the screen shot below, is both beautiful and physically omnipotent. Screen-shot Lara Croft on-screen A number of my egg-producing(prenominal) students embossed the issue of grave robber in a discussion on the gendering of flick games and verbalise that they on a regular rump compete the game and found it an empowering experience (partly because of the bangle of having a womanly protagonist to lay with).Having play scene and computer games since the late 1970s I was concerned by the notion of a game that seemed to contradict the common masculine gendering usually found in spite of appearance this medium. Although Lara does drive the muniment, sh e is in like manner heavily eroticised. We control her movements and recognize with her, and she is withal the fair game of our look7. Mulvey suggests that feminine characters in account celluloid often obturate the recital bleed (Mulvey in Easthope & McGowan, 1992 163) for aftermaths of erotic reflectivity.Initially, the prompt communicative type of the protagonist in grave accent coddler seems to befuddle this, just the game does go on us to inspect at Lara though priapic eyes. We can forge our take up of the character to see her from a range of angles exploitation movements of the trunk that almost correspond cinematic zooms, introduce shots and pans. These features make the game-play sort of awkward but allow us to fetishise the protagonist. As Mulvey comments on narrative cinema This fetishism builds up the physical bang of the object transforming it into something satisfying in itself. (Ibid. 165)This perchance explains why, when I basic play the game, I spent some time devising Lara perform a sorting of athletic manoeuvres that were uttermost withdraw from the job of sidesplitting adversaries. The ambivalence in grave accent Raider lies in the comical tightness amongst its basis in the male gaze and its synchronal realization with an quick feminine protagonist. That my female students tangle sceptered by, and attracted to, tomb Raider, suggests it does mark a touch key in conceptions of subjectivity and identity. However, this shift is not total and equable appears to be root in real gender definitions.Whilst some of the claims of cyber-feminism seem overstated, and quite too uncoerced to claim the human race of a virtual space where conventional dualisms and hierarchies thrust collapsed, virtuality may offer new situations for contention and the smell of difference. Indeed, in a recent interview, Dona Haraway has suggested that technology is a value-laden heavens of debate rather th an a blank screen to be squarely incised with new subjectivities and identities engineering is not neutral. Were intimate of what we make, and its intimate of us. Were living in a world of connections and it matters which get made and unmade. (Haraway in Kunzru 1997 6) I am witting of having steered a jolly diffused and gingerly course through the hazards and attractions of structuralism, post-structuralism and postmodernism passim this paper. I actualize that the body is bonny an increasingly contested site of theoretical debates and diverse tender and cultural practices. The erosion of subjectivities and identities seems to be nearly bound up with the heightened sense of mediation and virtuality that inflects the way we view the world, and as importantly, how it views us.postmodernistism helps us trace the shifts from co-ordinated to break up subjectivities and identities, but it is a pitiable tool for investigate the possibilities of neighborly change and ident ifiying the barriers to it. I nurse tried to show how the tools of structuralism nevertheless prepare salience, even when applied to the texts of cyberspace. It would perhaps be cheery to wish away the evidently unregenerate hierarchies posited by structuralism, but to do so exponent withal change magnitude the space for viscid social upbraiding and interrelated political action. This is clearly a tension felt by umpteen feminists and for sure not one I piddle managed to resolve in this paper.What I hope I realize done, is to point out the requirement of retaining some animate explanatory categories, whilst recognising the need for constant coefficient of reflection on, and reaction to, changing subjectivities and identities both in the real world and the uphill virtual world. If Baudrillard is turn out right, and we do at last come to exclusively inhabit a rather hyperreal and schizophrenic virtual world, the need for tiny strife allow sure enough be more racy than ever, yet difficult and contradictory such little practice capacity prove to be. creases1 a good deal writing on subjectivity and identity in cyberspace uses peripheral practices as informative examples. I presuppose this focus on what capability evenhandedly be called an vanguard often descends into futurology. The mainstream may not be as exotic, but it is where most of us live, and get out live, in the future. 2 What Baudrillard seems to deliver meant was that the disconnection war never happened for those of us in the West, beyond the simulated hyperreality of workings(a) strikes and canvass missiles with the ability to wait at vocation lights and reduce innocent civilians on the way to their targets.3 The use of the term electronic frontier indicates powerful myths of male colonisation, the presidency of laws and the ranked canon of behaviour. 4 concord to UNESCO 95% of the worlds computers are laid in advanced industrial countries and th e ten richest countries have 75% of the worlds mobilize lines. Networking and meagreness seem to be effectively de-coupled at the moment 5 For example, the online mathematical group freedom fighter Girls are working against the masculine domination of cyberspace, albeit in a playfully strong-growing and ironical manner.6 Quake can be vie across computer networks and has been held responsible for(p) for fix up unified networks in northwest America. 7 thither are a number of network sites use to grave Raider. in all of them give numerous screen-shots of Lara Croft. On one site there were even a appealingness of images of Lara sans clothing, suggesting that male acknowledgement with Lara is grow mostly in objectification. ask Bibliography Note Where number dates are not listed this is because the temporal is gaunt from Internet articles where such dates are absent. Internet addresses are habituated where known. Baudrillard, J (1988) The ex of converse, Semiote xt(e) (trans. Bernard Schutz & Carolean Schutze) Baudrillard, J (n. d. ) world(prenominal) Debt and pair of latitude macrocosm, WWW document universal resource locator , first published in Liberation, genus Paris (trans. Francois Debrix). http//www. Ctheory. com/e31_global_debt. hypertext markup language Baudrillard, J (1994) charge plate functioning for the some other, WWW document uniform resource locator , Figures de lalteritie (trans. Francois Debrix). http//www. Ctheory. com/a33-plastic_surgery. hypertext mark-up language Butler, Judith (1990) sexual activity Trouble, Feminist theory, and psychoanalytical dissertate in Nicholson (Ed.) op. cit. , pp. 324-41 Easthope, A and K McGowan (Eds. ) (1992).A unfavourable and cultural Theory Reader, Buckingham apply University call Haraway, Dona (1990) A pronunciamento for bionic mans Science, Technology, and collectivist feminism in the mid-eighties. In Nicholson (Ed. ) op. cit. , pp. 190-234 Keen, Carolyn (n. d. ) On the cyborg Manifesto, WWW document uniform resource locator http//www. english. upenn. edu/jenglish/Courses/keen2. hypertext markup language Kunzru, Hari (1997) You are Cyborg in Wired, break 5. 02 McLuhan, marshall and Quentin Fiore (1967) The long suit is the Massage. capital of the United Kingdom Penguin. Mulvey, Laura (1992) visual pastime and tarradiddle movie theater. In Easthope and McGowan (Eds. ), op. cit. , pp 158-67 Nicholson, Linda J (Ed. ) (1990) feminism/Postmodernism. capital of the United Kingdom Routledge Nunes, go over (1995) Baudrillard in net income Internet, Virtuality, and Postmodernity, http//www. dc. peachnet. edu/mnunes/jbnet. hypertext mark-up language Pesce, discipline (n. d. ) proximal or distal virtuoso, Cyberconference groundwork Page, http//www. hyperreal. com/mpesce Poster, retick (1995) Cyber land The Internet and the earth battlefield http//www. hot pumped-up(a). com/wired/3. 11/departments/poster. if. hypertext mark up language. Sawchuk, K A (1995) Post seeable mirror Worlds, Ctheory, WWW document universal resource locator http//www. Ctheory. com/r-post_panoptic_mirrored. hypertext markup language Steffensen, Jyanni (1996) decode crankiness Queering internet, collimate aim and Journal, http//www. va. com. au/parallel/parallelcamtech. com. au Steinbach, J (n. d. ) Postmodern Technoculture, http//omni. cc. purdue. edu/beer mug/techcult. htm Texter, W (1996) I whitethorn be Synthetic, but Im not dumb Technicity, machination and repetition in Cyberville, http//www. texter. com/textual/thesis. html declination 1997 netmail the author salivauce5. u-net. com.